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Adapting Specialized Legal Metadata to the Digital Environment: The CFR Parallel Table of Authorities & Rules,[object Object],Thomas R. Bruce, Legal Information Institute,[object Object],Robert C. Richards, Jr., University of Washington,[object Object]
Governments create multiple sources of law,[object Object],The sources are interrelated, but exist as isolated “islands” of legal knowledge & information,[object Object],How can one efficiently discover all sources of law related to a particular source of law?,[object Object],The Problem: “Islands”,[object Object]
Example: How to find all regulations issued pursuant to US Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. ch.9?,[object Object],Two “Islands”: The statute is in the U.S. Code, while the regulations are in the Code of Federal Regulations,[object Object],The Problem: Example,[object Object]
In the print environment, specialized legal metadata sources were created, to make explicit relationships between different sources of law. We call these sources “ponts,” because they function as “bridges” between “islands” of legal information,[object Object],One Solution: “Ponts”,[object Object]
Parallel Table of Authorities & Rules (PTOA),[object Object],Metadata in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),[object Object],Links statutes to regulations they authorize,[object Object],Example of a Pont: The PTOA,[object Object]
1 U.S.C.  112.......................................................1 Part 2  112a--112b.....................................22 Part 181  113....................................................1 Part 2  133..................................................32 Part 151 ,[object Object],2 U.S.C.  ,[object Object],  136.................................................36 Parts 701, 				                    702, 703, 705  ,[object Object], 170...................................................36 Part 705,[object Object],PTOA: Excerpt,[object Object]
Most ponts created for print environment require human intervention to ensure connection between the different legal sources they seek to link,[object Object],PTOA in print requires human intervention,[object Object],PTOA in Print: Human-Dependent,[object Object]
Goals:,[object Object],Disintermediation:,[object Object],Make PTOA processable by software without human intervention,[object Object],Foster interoperability & re-use,[object Object],Foster innovation,[object Object],PTOA: Preparing It for Digital,[object Object]
Recommended formats:,[object Object],XML ,[object Object],RDF/OWL,[object Object],Why XML & RDF/OWL?,[object Object],Open, international standards,[object Object],Widely used and understood,[object Object],Enable re-use and interoperability,[object Object],Foster innovation: developers are equipped to create new systems to process them,[object Object],PTOA: Preparing It for Digital (cont’d),[object Object]
Information Retrieval & Discovery,[object Object],Bidirectional discovery,[object Object],Revelation of implicit relationships,[object Object],Automated retrieval,[object Object],Linked Data,[object Object],Scholarly Research,[object Object],Public Administration,[object Object],GIS,[object Object],eParticipation,[object Object],PTOA: Use Cases,[object Object]
Semantics (Ambiguity),[object Object],Directionality,[object Object],Granularity,[object Object],Data Quality,[object Object],PTOA: Obstacles to Preparation for Digital Use,[object Object]
1. Relationships between sources are ambiguous,[object Object],Relationships represented in a PTOA row may be of four possible types:,[object Object],“Is Express Authority For”,[object Object],“Is Implied Authority For”,[object Object],“Is Applied By”,[object Object],“Is Interpreted By”,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Semantics,[object Object]
2. Some PTOA rows list multiple sources on one or both sides:,[object Object],1 U.S.C.  112.......................................................1 Part 2  112a--112b.....................................22 Part 181  113....................................................1 Part 2  133..................................................32 Part 151 ,[object Object],2 U.S.C.  ,[object Object],  136.................................................36 Parts 701, 				                    702, 703, 705,[object Object],  170...................................................36 Part 705,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Semantics (cont’d),[object Object]
Result: In many PTOA rows, relationships between sources are multiple and complex,[object Object],Result: In most rows, the precise meaning of relationships is implicit & often not discernible by software,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Semantics (cont’d),[object Object]
In PTOA, retrieval and discovery can only occur in one direction: from statute to regulation,[object Object],1 U.S.C. […],[object Object],  112a--112b................................22 Part 181,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Directionality,[object Object]
But in digital world, PTOA could add great value if it were bidirectional: if it enabled discovery from regulations to statutes, as well as from statutes to regulations,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Directionality,[object Object]
PTOA regulation cites refer only to the “Part” level of CFR,[object Object],But the relationships intended to be represented in PTOA usually occur at more granular levels: “section” or “sub-section”,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Granularity,[object Object]
“1 U.S.C. […],[object Object],“112a--112b................................22 Part 181”,[object Object],1 U.S.C. section 112b (subsection (f)) furnishes express authority for subdivisions of 22 C.F.R. part 181 (sections 181.1 through 181.7).,[object Object],1 U.S.C. section 112a (subsection (d)) furnishes implicit authority for subdivisions of 22 C.F.R. part 181 (sections 181.8 and 181.9).,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Granularity: Example,[object Object]
So each PTOA row must be analyzed & divided into multiple rows at accurate level of granularity,[object Object],PTOA Obstacles: Granularity (cont’d),[object Object]
Production of PTOA is decentralized: each individual agency creates rows for its regulations,[object Object],Result: Inconsistent quality of PTOA data,[object Object],Need: For Digital PTOA to express editor’s evaluation of data quality, in machine-processable metadata,[object Object],PTOA Obstacle: Data Quality,[object Object]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>,[object Object],  <ptoa>,[object Object],       <ptoaentry>,[object Object],          <!-- Example 1 -->,[object Object],            <authority>,[object Object],               <uscode>,[object Object],<title>1</title>,[object Object],<sectrange>,[object Object],<start>112a</start>,[object Object],                      <end>112b</end>,[object Object],</sectrange>,[object Object],</uscode>    ,[object Object],</authority>,[object Object],<authorized>,[object Object], <cfr>,[object Object],                   <title>22</title>,[object Object],                   <part>181</part>,[object Object],                </cfr> ,[object Object],</authorized>,[object Object],</ptoaentry>,[object Object],</ptoa>,[object Object],</?xml>,[object Object],Digital PTOA: XML Example: Barebones, No Remedies,[object Object]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>,[object Object],  <ptoa>,[object Object],<ptoaentry>,[object Object],<authority type="implicit_authority">,[object Object],<uscode>,[object Object],<title>1</title>,[object Object],<section urn="urn:lex:us:federal:codified.statute:2010;1.usc.112a@official;house.gov:en$text-html:legal.information.institute">112a</section>,[object Object],<sectionfragment>d</sectionfragment>,[object Object],</uscode>,[object Object],</authority>,[object Object],          <authorized>,[object Object],              <cfr>,[object Object],                 <title>22</title>,[object Object],                    <part urn="urn:lex:us:federal:codified.regulation:2010;22.cfr.181@official;gpo.gov:en$text-xml">181</part>,[object Object],                    <section urn="urn:lex:us:federal:codified.regulation:2010;22.cfr.181.8@official;gpo.gov:en$text-xml">181.8</section>,[object Object],                    <section urn="urn:lex:us:federal:codified.regulation:2010;22.cfr.181.9@official;gpo.gov:en$text-xml">181.9</section>,[object Object],              </cfr>         ,[object Object],</authorized>,[object Object],</ptoaentry>,[object Object],</ptoa>,[object Object],</?xml>,[object Object],Digital PTOA: XML: Now with URNs, Granularity, Ranges,[object Object]
<owl:ObjectPropertyrdf:ID="implicitlyAuthorizes">,[object Object], <owl:inverseOf>,[object Object],         <owl:ObjectProperty,[object Object],rdf:ID="isImplicitlyAuthorizedBy"/>,[object Object],     </owl:inverseOf>,[object Object],     <rdfs:rangerdf:resource="#AuthorizedItem"/>,[object Object],     <rdfs:domainrdf:resource="#AuthorizingItem"/>,[object Object],     <rdfs:subPropertyOf>,[object Object],         <owl:ObjectProperty,[object Object],rdf:ID="isAuthorityRefFor"/>         ,[object Object],     </rdfs:subPropertyOf>,[object Object],</owl:ObjectProperty>,[object Object],Digital PTOA: RDFS/OWL: Bidirectionality & Disambiguation,[object Object]
<owl:ObjectProperty,[object Object],rdf:ID="hasUSCSectionFragment">,[object Object],  <rdfs:domain,[object Object],rdf:resource="#USCodeSection"/>,[object Object],<owl:inverseOf>,[object Object],  <owl:ObjectProperty,[object Object],rdf:ID="isUSCSectionFragmentOf"/>,[object Object],</owl:inverseOf>,[object Object],<rdfs:range,[object Object],rdf:resource="#USCodeSectionFragment"/>,[object Object],</owl:ObjectProperty>,[object Object],Digital PTOA: RDFS/OWL: Granularity,[object Object]
Earlier studies of print-based ponts introduced into digital environment: Al-Kofahi et al. (2001); Dabney (1986) McDermott (1986) ,[object Object],Findings:,[object Object],a. New uses of ponts arose in digital environment ,[object Object],b. Ponts positively influenced retrieval performance,[object Object],Related Research,[object Object]
Legislation.gov.uk (Legislative Information Retrieval): Table of Legislative Effects, CEN MetaLex (legislative status),[object Object],AGILE (Public Administration System): CEN MetaLex & OWL ,[object Object],Similar Projects,[object Object]
Congressional Record: “History of Bills & Resolutions”,[object Object],CFR List of Subjects & Subject Index,[object Object],United States Code Subject Index,[object Object],Constitution of the United States Annotated (CONAN),[object Object],Other Ponts to Examine,[object Object]
Spring 2011: Receive input from colleagues at conferences,[object Object],Summer & Fall 2011: Build prototype,[object Object],Digital PTOA: Next Steps,[object Object]
Al-Kofahi, K., Tyrrell, A., Vachher, A., Travers, T., and Jackson, P. 2001. Combining multiple classifiers for text categorization. In Proceedings of CIKM '01, 97-104. DOI=10.1145/502585.502603.,[object Object],AlviteDíez, M. L., Pérez-León, B., Martínez González, M., and Blanco, D. F. J. V. 2010. Propuesta de representación del tesauroEurovoc en SKOS parasuintegración en sistemas de informaciónjurídica. Scire 16, 2, 47-51.,[object Object],Bartolini, R., Lenci, A., Montemagni, S., Pirrelli, V., and Soria, C. 2004. Automatic classification and  analysis of provisions in Italian legal texts: A case study. In Proceedings of OTM ’04. 593-604. DOI=10.1007/978-3-540-30470-8_72,[object Object],References (1/5),[object Object]
Boer, A. and Van Engers, T. 2009. The Agile project: Reconciling agility and legal accountability. In Proceedings ofICT4JUSTICE ’09. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 582, 41-49.,[object Object],Bontouri, L., Papatheodorou, C., Soulikias, V., and Stratis, M. 2009. Metadata interoperability in public sector information. J. Inform. Sci. 35, 2 204-231. DOI=10.1177/0165551508098601.,[object Object],Callister, P. D. 2009. Thinking like a research expert: Schemata for teaching complex problem-solving skills. Legal Ref. Serv. Q. 28, 1/2 (2009), 31-51. DOI=10.1080/02703190902961452.,[object Object],References (2/5),[object Object]
Dabney, D. P. 1986. The curse of Thamus: An analysis of full-text legal document retrieval. Law Libr. J. 78 ,1 (Win. 1986), 5-40.,[object Object],Dini, L., et al. 2005. Cross-lingual legal information retrieval using a WordNet architecture. In Proceedings of ICAIL ’05, 163-167. DOI=10.1145/1165485.1165510.,[object Object],Ekstrom, J. A. and Lau, G. T. 2008. Exploratory text mining of ocean law to measure overlapping agency and jurisdictional authority. In Proceedings of dg.o’08, 53-62.,[object Object],Francesconi, E., Montemagni, S., Peters, W., and Tiscornia, D., Eds. 2010. Semantic Processing of Legal Texts: Where the Language of Law Meets the Law of Language. Springer, Berlin.,[object Object],References (3/5),[object Object]
García, R. and Gil, R. 2008. A Web ontology for copyright contracts management. Int. J. Electron. Comm. 12, 4 (Sum. 2008), 99-114. DOI=10.2753/JEC1086-4415120404,[object Object],Marchetti, A., Megale, F., Seta, E., and Vitali, F. 2002. Using XML as a means to access legislative documents: Italian and foreign experiences. ACM SIGAPP Appl. Comput. Rev. 10, 1, 54-62. DOI=10.1145/568235.568246,[object Object],McDermott, J. 1986. Another analysis of full-text legal document retrieval. Law Libr. J., 78, 337-344.,[object Object],References (4/5),[object Object]
Nadah, N., Dulong de Rosnay, M., and Bachimont, B. 2007. Licensing digital content with a generic ontology: Escaping from the jungle of rights expression languages. In Proceedings of ICAIL '07, 65-69. DOI=10.1145/1276318.1276330.,[object Object],Ortiz-Rodríguez, F. 2007. EGODO and applications: Sharing, retrieving and exchanging legal documentation across e-government. In Proceedings of SW4Law ’07, 21-26.,[object Object],Robinson, D. G., Yu, H., Zeller, W., and Felten, E. W. 2009. Government data and the invisible hand. Yale J. Law & Technol. 11, 1, 160-175.,[object Object],References (5/5),[object Object]
Tom Bruce, Legal Information Institute, trb2 [at] cornell.edu,[object Object],Robert Richards, University of Washington, robertrichards03 [at] gmail.com,[object Object],Contacts,[object Object]

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